In Support Of Human Cloning Essays - Cloning, Human Cloning, Dolly

In Support Of Human Cloning Essays - Cloning, Human Cloning, Dolly In Support Of Human Cloning Human cloning is inescapable. As a component of the advancement of science, human cloning will happen paying little mind to who restricts it. In this paper I will clarify what human cloning is, a portion of the moral and good issues with it, some health advantages it could serve, what a wide range of religions consider cloning people, and at last why I feel this would be advantageous to our general public. So as to comprehend the complaints and the capability of human cloning, one must know precisely it is and how it is finished. So as to clone a living being (creature or human), researchers start with an egg (ovum) of a grown-up female. Ladies for the most part produce just a single every month except can be synthetically invigorated to create more. Specialists expel the DNA-containing core from the egg. Cells from the subject to be cloned are acquired by different strategies including a scratching within the cheek, and the DNA-containing core is expelled from one of these. Next the grown-up cell core is embedded into the egg with an advanced atomic exchange, and the egg is animated (electrically or synthetically) to fool it into separating simply like an undeveloped organism. At the point when the incipient organism arrives at the proper stage, you embed it into the uterus of the lady who will bring forth it. After incubation, the clone is conceived in the typical way (Eibert, standa rd. 2-5). The youngster that is conceived because of cloning would be almost hereditarily indistinguishable (the egg holds some mitochondrial DNA that may conceivably modify the new DNA somewhat) to the subject cloned. The clone should appear to be like the grown-up it was cloned from, however that is the place the similitudes would end. The clone would have a totally extraordinary arrangement of life encounters. It would be raised by various guardians, experience childhood in an alternate time and diverse area, and have various conditions transpire en route. It wouldnt be a similar individual it was cloned from; it would be its own one of a kind person who coincidentally had a similar DNA. The qualities of an individual (physical just as social) are enacted by irregular decisions on the DNA. An individual has twenty-three chromosomes from their mom and twenty-three from the dad. Regardless of whether an individual has blue eyes is an irregular pick from the two arrangements of chromosomes. In distinguishable twins are likewise very unique in relation to one another: their fingerprints are extraordinary, here and there one twin will be hefty and one not, and once in a while one is gay and one isn't. It is these arbitrary enactments that we cannot control, and these irregular initiations might be distinctive in a clone than they were in the first person.(Eibert, standard. 40). So what is society so scared of? For what reason is the subject of human cloning practically no-no? I think most of the populace imagines cloning as a type of mass-showcase where one can arrange an infant or make a huge number of indistinguishable individuals. This was a similar kind of dread that in-vitro preparation (IVF, unnaturally conceived children) made when it was begun during the 1970s, and, in principle, this couldnt be all the more off-base. One of the fundamental issues that the vast majority have with cloning of people is they accept that trying to make someone else there will be numerous ineffective endeavors. There is a dread that in framing undeveloped organisms there will be numerous that are distorted, crushed, or in any case investigated for logical addition. Marc Zabludoff writes in Fear and yearning that to get one fruitful birth, numerous children would need to kick the bucket in bombed strategies a completely unsuitable practice (6) It has been generally promoted that in making Dolly, the cloned sheep, it took 277 attempts. This isnt very obvious. What it took to clone Dolly was 277 eggs with an intertwined core. Just 27 of them partitioned past the 2-cell stage. Just 13 of these framed incipient organisms and were embedded into a sheep uterus; of these 13, just 1, Dolly, was conceived. It wasnt that any of the sheep undeveloped organisms were disfigured or controlled, the grown-up sheep basically neglected to consider, much like an ineffective test-tube origination (Eibert, standard. 12). So this dread of twisted or

The Awful Side of College Term Paper Sample

The Awful Side of College Term Paper Sample College Term Paper Sample Explained Alas, although online research helps students out a good deal, it doesn't make studying a great deal more comfortable. Writing a research paper is a struggle for those students without taking any assistance from the professionals. It is a tool for the teachers in order to evaluate the skills and knowledge of the students. The Secret to College Term Paper Sample If you're not conscious of APA requirements just type in Google (or another search engine) APA format and you are certain to get a great deal of results. Moreover, our research papers are almost always free from any sort of mistakes like referencing, formatting, linguistics, and grammatical. A research paper is a very long kind of written document connected with the definition of results from a person's extensive research about a particular topic. 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Students can't decide on the very first idea they see on the net or in the print media it's about choosing very good researc h paper topics on the relevant problems. In case the topic is too narrow, you might find it difficult to locate the appropriate literature. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be certain you pick a fantastic topic before you commence writing. New Ideas Into College Term Paper Sample Never Before Revealed Trying to find low-cost customized essays, you might locate some totally free samples readily available online. Knowing the legality of the organization you're purchasing the sample paper is paramount. Since their pricing are displayed on the site, you can create your own comparison and buy a paper you feel does not strain your pocket. The best ideas, and the ideal writing, will come as a consequence of that, he explained. 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Problems of Sexual Assault - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 658 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Sexual Assault On College Campuses Essay Did you like this example? Many sexual assaults that occur on a college campus involve the use of drugs or alcohol. Many advocates say that this is the reason the number of sexual assaults that occur on campus continues to increase. The number one date rape drug used is alcohol. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Problems of Sexual Assault" essay for you Create order Students should also be aware that drugs could be mixed in to their drinks. Date rape drugs such as Rohypnol and GHB, which is a banned supplement, are used. This shows the importance of pouring your own drinks when you are at a party, or if you are at a bar buy your own drinks. If you aren’t buying your own drink, be present when whoever is buying your drinks is buying it. These date rape drugs like Rohypnol often have no scent and no taste. A study in 2006 estimated that there are about 100,000 sexual assaults reported in the United States each year. About 62% of these assaults were â€Å"drug-facilitated.† 5% of victims were given a date rape drug. Although these studies were for all ages and not just college students, it shows how common drug-facilitated attacks are which is something that is very true on campuses as well which was said by a former cop with the Los Angeles Police Department and now consults with police departments and educational institutions about the issues of drugs and sexual assaults. The cop even said that there were 40 drugs commonly associated with campus sexual assaults. These drugs include benzodiazepines such as Ativan and Valium, and party drugs like Ecstasy, and pain medications such as Vicodin. All of these drugs can alter your perception and significantly impair your ability to give consent. Any drug that is synergistic with alcohol, meaning two substances that increase the effec t of a drug, can lead to a drug-facilitated assault. The drug GHB is a clear liquid that has no taste or smell, and can very easily be hidden in an eye drop container. The drug can then very sneakily be dropped into someone’s drink. It can start to work within 15 minutes. The effects of GHB vary but when taken with alcohol, which is most common, can cause amnesia. The victim can either forget everything or remember small portions of what happened to them. GHB is also a sexual stimulant so the perpetrator often accuse the women of initiating the encounter when in reality, it was just the drug doing its job. The woman may not be able to piece all the details together in time to get tested for this drug being in her system. The drug can leave the system in as little as 4 hours The author of the same study mentioned earlier called for an increased toxicology screening. Most rape kits do not have a blood or urine samples because it is not routine. This makes it difficult later in court to present evidence that the victim was even drugged in the first place. In most cases, the victim has total memory loss and has no clue what happened. By the time the do start remembering, the drug could be out of their system which complicates proving that they were drugged even further. Most times, victims don’t even get to the hospital the same day that the assault happened. They can get to the hospital 36-48 hours later. If a woman got drunk willingly and initiated the sexual contact, it doesn’t matter. That woman is not in the right state of mind to give consent. Once anyone is intoxicated, they are legally incapable of consent and anyone who has sex with the individual can be charged with rape. Often times, people get away with having sex with people who are intoxicated but once they get caught, they are a sexual predator for life. The solution to not having charges from drug-facilitated sexual assault is very simple; have sex sober. Work Cited Smith, Carol. â€Å"A Dangerous Mix: Drinking, Sex and College Students.† InvestigateWest, 11 May 2017, www.invw.org/2010/02/25/940/.

Mediation Resolving the Conflict of Racism Essay

Mediation: Resolving the Conflict of Racism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The issue of freedom has long been fought over in our country. In fact it is what our founding fathers sought to create in the new world. This struggle to obtain freedom from oppression has created a country founded on free people, freedom of religion, as well as economic freedom. All of these things have been faced with extreme challenges, such as the British monarchy, established state churches, and war. The fight for equality among peoples in our country has also had its challenges, such as poverty, race, and religion. It is out of this plight that the need for some kind of action has occurred in the area of social equality in†¦show more content†¦The oppressor and the oppressed both lie in wait for the moment when all action will be unnecessary because of understanding and compromise. The opposing groups in Birmingham must seek out their common ground on these issues in order to continue on the greater road of equality. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The repeal of laws that forced separate but equal treatment of peoples throughout the United States was a major step toward relieving oppression in the southern states, but even these laws are avoided and ignored. There are a generation of people that have grown up being segregated. This forces one group to feel superior and the other to feel inferior. This gap between the people of Birmingham has widened to a huge gulf. People can so longer see their lives any other way but segregated, and are constantly forced to recognize their difference instead of looking at the common things shared by all men. In order to maintain civil relations in Birmingham, all citizens must try to comply with the laws of the city, and adhere to any promises that have been made to the opposing side. The clergymen who wrote the letter opposing nonviolent action, agree that matters in Birmingham are unstable but insist that the Negro community should simply wait, and that the natural flow of time will solve all of their problems. Because of this idea the leaders of the city have postponed and canceled many meetings that could have occurred between influentialShow MoreRelatedFacebook s Social Reporting Tool1684 Words   |  7 Pagesreporting tool, there is still room for improvement. Revising Facebook’s Conflict Management System Although the social network recognizes that through online communication, certain crucial aspects of human conversation, such as facial expressions and body language are lost, its social reporting tool relies almost entirely on online dispute resolution. However, some forms of online dispute resolution, such as e-mediation, have been found by researchers to lack the rapport and warmth of face-to-faceRead MoreThe Common Type Of Conflict At Indiana University2279 Words   |  10 Pageseach other within the confounds of a 3-square mile campus. With so many individuals operating in such a small vicinity, there is likely to be a significant amount of conflict. I would guess that the most common type of conflict at Indiana University is student to student conflict. While I have not personally had any major conflicts with another student, I have friends who have told me of their own. My Residence Assistant during my freshman year, Andrew, was a homosexual, African American man, andRead MoreEssay about Conflict Resolution In The Workplace2485 Words   |  10 PagesLook up the word conflict in the dictionary and you will see several negative responses. 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Greek Tragedies and Their Influence on Modern Day Literature free essay sample

A discussion on the ways in which Greek tragedies and the theory of the Greek tragic hero has survived the diverse style changes of literature since its conception. The following paper examines the ways in which the idea of Greek tragedies has been embellished upon by great literary geniuses. This paper examines how Shakespeare, for example, used his tragic plays to purge his audience of their own flaws, which is precisely how Aristotle had defined the ideal tragic play. The writer examines how modern playwrights such as Sophocles, Ibsen and Tennessee Williams began to interject less idealism and more realism into their tragedies, providing a more real life hero than the ideal hero as defined by the dramas in ancient Greece. As literature has evolved over time, plays have become less of a staple of only aristocracy. American literature came into existence, and with that came Tennessee Williams (one of many notable playwrights) and his superb work, The Glass Menagerie. We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Tragedies and Their Influence on Modern Day Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike the original idea of a tragic hero that was someone of great influence and stature (though not god-like), Tennessee Williams wrote about real characters, that virtually anyone could identify with. In the play, the role of the hero is shifted between Amanda, Tom and Laura depending on the angle of the play at the time. Williams doesnt focus on the characters, which doesnt allow for much development beyond their initial two-dimensional appearance. Tom is arguably our hero, but he isnt really all that likeable. He is mean to his mother, alienates his sister, and abandons them both. Nothing remarkably heroic there. Williams is more concerned with the outcome of the play, and Toms resounding guilt for his actions; as a result, Williams revolves completely around the plot. Tom, who serves as the narrator for the play, is essentially the protagonist of the play he is not necessarily the most important figure in the play, but he is the first one to interact with the audienc e, which is the definition used in the time of the Greek tragedy.

Show Boat Encouraging Tolerance

Introduction Show Boat refers to the 1927 musical with basically two acts. There is music with Jerome Kern, book as well as lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein.1 Indeed, Oscar Hammerstein’s satirical applications within the musical play Show Boat remains a historical landmark in the entertainment industry. It equally depicts and promotes the aspects of tolerance. Drawn from Edna Ferber’s legend novel with a similar name, this musical piece follows the lives of performers as well as stagehands.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Show Boat: Encouraging Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it also follows the lives of the dock workers of the Cotton Blossom. Cotton Blossom refers to the Mississippi River show boat that existed for approximately a period of five decades. This was roughly from 1880 to 1927. A critical analysis of the musical play reveals very important prevailing themes such as racia l discrimination as well as tragic, enduring love. It is generally evident that the arrival of this musical play stirred the American musical community and has since remained remarkably recognized for its theatrical and satirical meanings with respect to tolerance. Even presently, there still remains a great interest in the analysis of this Oscar’s great master piece and its general relation to the normal life situation. This essay thus discusses how Oscar Hammerstein idealized and encouraged tolerance through the application of satire theatrically with his musical play, Show Boat. The Oscar Hammerstein’s Musical Play Show Boat From the analysis of the major themes of the musical play, it can be noted that Oscar Hammerstein satirically conveyed critical information regarding racial discrimination and tragic enduring love.2 Throughout the musical play, one realizes that Oscar tries to convey a message of survivorship and toil throughout one’s life. This, despite the racial prejudice issues amongst the population, is working aboard the Show Boat. Indeed, the arrival of this musical play shed more light and became a watershed moment for most artistes within the same industry. Relative to other seemingly trivial and impracticable artistic works and presentations at that time, the Show Boat remained a drastic departure within musical story-telling, combining spectacle with seriousness. Perhaps, its satirical presentation provided the chance for analysts to note its uniqueness from other previously existing musical plays during that moment. The full integration of song, humor as well production numbers to a solitary and inextricable artistic piece provided a hidden message of tolerance and motivation to the normal man. Particularly to the dock workers, this musical play provided a source of inspiration and encouragement making them strives to accomplish their tasks despite the hardships they were undergoing. Some notable discrimination included those based on racial prejudice.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ability of the musical play to motivate persons heartbroken and enhance their tolerance in daily life situations was also critical. Ideally, there is an observation that Hammerstein crafted this musical piece following a long time of observation and experience with the Show Boat. The quality of this musical play remained clear and outstanding even to the eyes of the potential critics. This vibrantly communicated the un ending message of striving to success and tolerance to success for the larlgey deprived and undermined within the society. The quality of the musical play vibrantly relayed a strong message of inspiration to the listeners. Unlike most musical plays, Show Boat seemed sentimental as well as tragic. Through this, the musical play managed to manipulate and touch people’s hearts with a sense of passion for tolerance even amidst hard times or moments. Its most unique feature as the first real American musical play was the ability to satirically convey messages against racial prejudice. This is a striking characteristic of the musical play that reached several hearts, particularly those who were racially discriminated during those periods. The general message here was to tolerate one another despite people’s differences. There is perhaps a lot to learn from the analysis of the plot synopsis of the musical play itself. It is seen that this story starts 47 years earlier, starting aboard a show boat, Cotton Blossom as it purposes to arrive as the river dock of the Mississippi.3 The period indicated here itself depicts a long time that can only be achieved by tolerant and patient people. It is clear how the boat is set to take a long period with people aboard. Indeed, through presented satirically, it is notable that the 47 years on board requires a potentially tolerable person. Oscar Hammerstein’s selection of the Show Boat and the Mississippi river satirically represents the hard working environment that the dockers usually underwent during their voyages. It represents the tough environment that must be overtaken and empowered by all the workers aboard. The musical notes themselves provide a sentimental and soothing feeling to the listeners or audience. They become encouraged by the prevailing mood and are gradually overtaken by a sensation and desire of attaining success even in hard times. Basically, this imparted tolerance and a sense of survivorship. The introduction of the play to the highly excited crowd is a clear indication of the love that the earlier audience had for the musical play. In the beginning of the musical play, the fight between the characters and the disagreements that seize by the end illustrates a sense of acceptance as well as tolerance amongst the different groups by all the partakers. Although it doesn’t em erge automatically, one keenly notices a sense of tolerance as well as the ability to reconcile amongst the key characters of the play.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Show Boat: Encouraging Tolerance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, another element of tolerance is demonstrated by the varied racial composition of the actors who frequently engage in fierce exchange and at times even fight over their differences.4 This is despite the fact that they are a singular community with an aim to achieve a definite goal t hat in the end is attained. The background songs remain critical in the inspiration of the audiences as w ell as characters during different hard situations as they interact with their mates. The musical play then begins, presenting a love tight and socially sensitive demonstration of a community unified by only one goal. Characters love and get loved with others heartbroken but still are adam ant to create a difference within the boat society and ensure they become more appreciated and valued by others.5 This aspect presents a literal message to the audience to try fitting into the society’s mainstream even in times of neglect and lost love. The presentation of the fight between the actors and branding of each with names based on shear discrimination such as â€Å"mulatto† satirically depicts the normal society and the intrigues involved in the daily lives. The segregation of a female actor, Julie at based on her race the beginning of the play during the fight represents the pain that one was likely to face during this time in America. However, the playwright comically presents another character, Steve, who has to swallow Julie’s blood. This act is a satirical move that shows tolerance of different groups since Steve comically admits that he is also a mulatto since he took at least â€Å"one drop of black blood† in him. The events that follow this comic presentation depict a critical theme upon a comprehensive analysis. To begin with, it is important to note the mood that prevails within the entire troupe just when Steve acknowledges the presence of black blood in him. It is observable that the whole troupe remains sympathetic and echoes his sentiments. This is a satirical presentation of tolerance with one another despite their inadequacies or circumstances. Every action purely drives home a pure presentation of critical message of tolerance and motivation to the audience. Seemingly, it is notable that there exist few literary sources elucidating the manner in which the audience received and articulated the satirical messages presented within the musical play. It is also observable that as the play continues, the formerly rather outrageous sheriff is forced to drop his arrest interests on Julie and Steve. This act presents a sense of tolerance with â€Å"deviants† as would be termed in that society then.Advertisi ng Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sheriff’s ability to sympathize with Steve’s situation along with other troupe members compromises his ability to enforce law by arresting the two..the tolerance and acceptance of Steve to Julie is further demonstrated when he agrees to leave the town with Julie. Perhaps, this is with the realization that their further stay within the town or with the troupe is bound to cause more harm.6 The consequent hiring of Gaylord Ravenal who unfortunately loses his ticket worth in gambling demonstrates a great deal of empathy as well as tolerance. Andy, upon firing Pete, seems amused and sympathizes with Gaylord Ravenal and therefore offers him a job as the new leading man for the troupe. It is amazing how the demonstration of tolerance remains depicted in this noble action from Andy. That despite Gaylord Ravenal’s weird gambling behavior; he is still accommodated and given a new job in the troupe as the leading man. As if this is not enough, this follows after Steve and Julie are exempted of arrest by the sheriff. The following events enable Gaylord Ravenal and Magnolia to fall deeply in love as they finally tolerate one another and propose for marriage. Parthy’s objections towards this union can no longer work as the two seriously fall in love and proceed to marriage in Parthy’s absence. It is notable that Parthy became tolerable with their situation and could never do anything to stop the marriage. It is stated that she could not do anything despite her disapproval of Gaylord Ravenal. The musical play continues to demonstrate various instances of tolerance as the time passes over the years even in Gaylord Ravenal and Magnolia’s marriage. Magnolia is depicted as a persistent wife of Gaylord Ravenal. This is despite the fact that Gaylord Ravenal suffers financial crisis and is no longer capable of maintaining their daughter Kim as well as the wife. Obviously, one critically notices the tolerant nature of Magnolia through he r persistence in the marriage. It is obvious that Oscar Hammerstein throughout the musical play and within critical incidences satirically brings out the theme of tolerance with each other. This is evidently indicated in every conflict and union within the play. Magnolia herself is given a singing job in a New York club by her very friends so she can help herself financially after the husband shamefully abandons her and the daughter. In this move, the ability to accept one another and tolerate one’s situation is evidently illustrated again in the musical play. It is in this club where when Magnolia does her audition with the childhood song â€Å"Can’t Help Lovin Dat Man† that Julie’s memories are aroused.7 Julie, upon leaning the presence of Magnolia in the club and her situation, tactfully resigns from her position so that her childhood friend Magnolia can acquire the new position or job. It is however shocking that Magnolia though never realizes the sac rificial action and tolerance done to her by her childhood friend Julie. This obviously demonstrates a great sense of sacrifice as well as tolerance with one another. Conclusion Every character is able to sympathize with their friends and old acquaintances in difficult moments (Magee, 311). Later on during a new year’s eve, Andy rallies the crowd to Julie’s defense when she is overwhelmed by emotions and cannot effectively perform on stage. It is evident that such sacrifices make Magnolia a great musical star for two decades. Andy’s sacrificial nature and initiative for the reunion of broken marriages depicts a real sense of tolerance and devotion to the welfare of friends.8 Magnolia accepts Ravenal back despite his misdeed and individual guilt of disowning her with the child. Generally, the musical play ends in a joyous mood with unity and peace. Everyone is happy and sings to the same song and tune as they return to the show boat. Conclusively, Oscar Hammerste in’s musical play remains one of the most socially educative and sensitive ancient American plays, with a great satirical encouragement of tolerance to the audience. Bibliography Bradley, Edwin. The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932. New York: McFarland Co., 2004. Magee, Jeffrey. Irving Berlin’s American musical theater. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Stempel, Larry. Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater. New York Norton, 2010. Wolf, Stacy. Changed for good: a feminist history of the Broadway musical. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Footnotes 1 Jeffrey Magee, Irving Berlin’s American musical theater (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 11. 2 Stacy Wolf, Changed for good: a feminist history of the Broadway musical, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 12. 3 Larry Stempel, Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater (New York: Norton, 2010), 56. 4 Jeffrey Magee, Irv ing Berlin’s American musical theater (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 111. 5 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 56. 6 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 303. 7 Larry Stempel, Showtime: a history of the Broadway musical theater (New York: Norton, 2010), 314. 8 Edwin Bradley, The first Hollywood musicals: a critical filmography of 171 features, 1927 through 1932 (New York: McFarland Co., 2004), 307. 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Free sample - BOCHK Risk Management and Financial Performance. translation missing

BOCHK Risk Management and Financial Performance. BOCHK Risk Management and Financial PerformanceBank of China (Hong Kong) Limited (BOCHK) The Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited (BOCHK) is among the largest commercial banking groups in Hong Kong. The Bank has over 300 branches. Despite the Bank’s magnitude and systemic risk management, it witnessed a decline in operational income and suffered a negative shock in 2008. Thus, it is critical to analyze the Company’s risk management policies, the measurement and management risk, and comparing the 2008 results with the previous year’s results. The annual comparisons will utilize the Company’s calculated ROE, and will be critical in understanding the Bank’s performance relative to the earlier periods.  Ã‚  Ã‚   I. Overall Risk Management The Bank for International Settlements (2004) provides guidelines for conducting interest risk management. Additionally, it provides the measures that can be used in managing the overall risk to a financial institution. The analysis of BOCHK will be based on the standards provided in the above book. The aim of the analysis will be to determine whether, the company adheres to the international standards of risk management. BOCHK’s 2008 report indicates that BOCHK’s risk-management governance structure is structured to cover the entire operations of the business. The Bank adopts a swift and prudent manner in managing its various risk exposures. The risk management structure meets the standards stipulated by BIS. Initially, the report indicates that to align the management strategies with the corporate strategies the Chief Risk Officer (CFO) reports directly to the Risk Committee and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). CFO’s responsibilities are to ensure the proper implementation of policies and procedures and oversee the effective management and control of risk. The Bank publishes reports on a regular basis; this guarantees a timely assessment of the effectiveness of the risk control strategies. The determination of the effectiveness of the risk control measures lies with the Board of Directors. Additionally, the independent operation between the business units and the risk assessme nt units complies with the principle of segregation of duties. Independence is both sufficient and necessary for risk management (Khambata , Dara 2006). However, BIS requires that risk control functions report directly to the Board of Directors. Otherwise, there is a risk that the CRO and CEOmay conspire to fake the risk management reports; this would impair the objectivity of the risk management system. Secondly, BOCHK’s principal banking subsidiaries Nanyang and Chiyu, execute their risk management strategies independently. They adopt similar risk management strategies with their parent company and report to BOCHK’s management on a regular basis. Additionally, the company’s 2004 report indicates that the Bank utilizes stress testing. Stress testing is a risk management tool used in estimating risk exposure under stressed conditions, which arise from extreme but plausible macroeconomic conditions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bank’s information systems are well established to provide timely reports within different levels of management. The CRO stipulates specific procedures concerning the promotion of new products and activities. In addition, BOCHK prudently enacts and administers operating limits so that risk exposures are consistent with internal policies. However, the mere existence of risk management mechanisms does not guarantee sufficiency or effectiveness. Enforcement of risk control policies should be applied to ensure an efficient risk management system. II. Measurement and Management of Credit Risk According to note 4 of BOCHK’s 2008 financial statements, BOCHK manages two broad classes of assets: loans and advances, and debt securities and derivatives. The Company’s overall assets exposure to credit risk in 2008 was HK$1,364,462 million. This figure includes HK$1,111,073 million on-balance-sheet exposures and HK$253,389 million off-balance-sheet exposures. To safeguard its corporate interest, BOCHK should manage the credit risk that is related to these assets in a prudent manner, especially during a financial crisis. This part of the report will investigate how BOCHK measures and manages credit risk of these assets. To minimize the credit risk BOCHK adopted credit approval policies and procedures (BOCHK, 2008). These measures are evaluated and updated by the risk management department and other relevant departments. Regarding the loans and advances, BOCHK adopts different credit control procedures and credit grading systems depending on the level of risk exposure to the customers. Additionally, the Company utilizes bank scorecard for financial institutions, credit-scoring system for retail credit transactions, and small business credit scorecard for small firms. BOCHK identifies credit concentration risk by industry, customer, geographically, and counterparty risk. For instance, the Bank’s â€Å"classified or impaired† advances are HK$1,792 million in Hong Kong, HK$323 million in Mainland China, and HK$23 million elsewhere. Besides, loans and advances are classified in five categories to improve the Bank’s ability to identify and assess credit risk: â€Å"pass,† †Å"special mention,† â€Å"substandard,† â€Å"doubtable,† and â€Å"loss.† For example, the total assets marked as substandard or below the high-risk category, accounted for 0.08% (HK$379 million). As for debt securities and securitized assets, the 2008 report indicates that BOCHK adopts external credit rating systems, such as Moody’s, to manage the Bank’s credit risk. Moody’s ratings for 2008 showed that 19.34% of BOCHK’s debt securities rated as â€Å"AAA† compared to 2.36% â€Å"lower than A3† debt securities. Particularly, BOCHK applied a comprehensive methodology to establish whether a certain asset/mortgage backed security, (ABS/MBS) is impaired. This was determined based on such factors as the mark-to-market price, external rating, and delinquencies. In addition to these factors, ABS/MBS are further required to pass the credit enhancement coverage ratio set by BOCHK. To manage credit risk in a dynamic market environment, the Bank has established policies, procedures, and appropriate credit risk limits. The corporate organization structure should define a clear line of authority and responsibility for supervising compliance with relevant rules (Khambata , Dara 2006). BOCHK’s Credit Risk Assessment Committee takes charge of assessing all credit-scoring facilities and reviewing reports submitted by risk management units independently. In addition, Khambata , Dara (2006) argue that collateral is another key element to manage credit risk. An independent appraiser determines the value of collateral for acquiring a new loan. Thus, the value of collateralized loans is determined based on the loan-to-value ratio limits. Additionally, BOCHK revalues and manages its collaterals periodically. BOCHK documents the acceptance criteria, the validity of collateral, and the revaluation of collateral on a regular basis. This is done to watch the status of co llateral. III. Financial Performance Comparison According to the 2008 reports, BOCHK’s ROA and ROE were 0.26% and 3.56% in 2008, and 1.48% and 16.64% in 2007 respectively. Additionally, BOCHK’s Profit Margin declined in 2008 to 5.97% compared to 24.24% in 2007. These were substantial declines within a year; they were attributed to the increase in impairment charges on the US non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities and other securities investment. Furthermore, a significant increase in Provision for loan losses/Total operating income from 2.22% to 24.95% and a dramatic decline in the investment-related commission income produced a negative impact on the Company’s profit in 2008. The sluggish investment environment that resulted from the global financial crisis led to increments in the provision for loan losses. As customers steered clear from the investment products, the investment, and insurance fee income decreased by 34.3% to HK$2,964 million. Note 12 shows that the net charge of impairment allowances increased from HK$1,448 in 2007 to HK$ 12, 573 in 2008. Despite the bleak financial environment, the ineffective credit risk management was still to blame for the sudden increase in loan impairment losses. From the perspective of overall risk management, it can be suggested that BOCHK should undertake more strict stress testing measures and scenario analysis to predict the sensitivity of risk factors with various degrees of severity. References Bank for International Settlements. (2004). Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in 2004. BOCHK. (2008). Financial Report 2008. Khambata, M., Dara, Y. (2006). The Performance of Multinational Banking: Macro-Policy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Issues and Key International Concepts. (2nd ed.). New York: Quorum Books.